Development of a Cybersecurity Awareness Model for the Gamification-Based Higher Education Community

Abstract

Cybersecurity threats in higher education are increasing, while students’ digital security awareness remains low. Conventional learning methods are often ineffective in preparing students to recognize and respond to threats such as phishing, malware, and social engineering. This study aims to develop and evaluate a gamification-based cybersecurity training model for university students. The training model incorporates game elements including points, levels, badges, leaderboards, mini-games, instant feedback, and scenario-based simulations. A mixed-method approach was employed using a pretest–posttest design, behavioral observation, and questionnaires to assess students’ knowledge, motivation, and engagement. The results indicate a clear improvement in students’ cybersecurity understanding, particularly in identifying phishing attacks and selecting appropriate mitigation actions. Gamification elements increased learning motivation and active participation, while instant feedback strengthened concept comprehension. Additionally, the training encouraged the adoption of safer digital behaviors in daily activities. The proposed model can serve as an effective alternative for cybersecurity education in higher education institutions